Zwiṅwe · Mutevhe wa bugu · minithi dza 8

Bugu dza Rulete: Mutevhe wa u Vhala

Bugu na maṅwalwa a rulete ane saithi iyi ya ḓitika ngao, a fumbili na mavhili, u bva kha maṅwalwa a 1657 nga ha ndeme yo lavhelelwaho u swika kha bugu ya u guda ya 2025, na mutaladzi muthihi nga ha ndeme ya iṅwe na iṅwe.

Phindulo pfufhi

Mathematiki (Huygens, Bernoulli, Halmos, Feller, Thorp, Epstein, Ethier, na bugu dza u guda dza zwino dza Bollman, Taylor na Hunacek), ḓivhazwakale (Lablée, Barnhart, Schwartz, Kavanagh, Marcus, Goldman), fiziki (Bass, Small & Tse) na bugu ya ngano nthihi ine ya fhira dzoṱhe (Dostoevsky). Zwoṱhe kha saithi iyi zwi ḓitika nga bugu idzi.

ya kale-kale
Huygens, 1657
ntswa-ntswa
Hunacek, 2025
bugu nthihi yavhuḓisa
Ethier, 2010
bugu ya ngano yavhuḓisa
The Gambler, 1866

Mathematiki

maṅwalwaṅwahandi ngani ni tshi fanela u i vhala
Huygens, De Ratiociniis in Ludo Aleae1657ṱhaluso ya u thoma yo gandiswaho ya ndeme yo lavhelelwaho; hune EV ya bva hone
Bernoulli, Ars Conjectandi1713mulayo wa zwivhalo zwihulu, une dzisisiṱeme dza u pfesesa nga nḓila i songo teaho
Halmos, “Invariants of certain stochastic transformations”1939ṱhanziela ya u thoma ya zwoṱhe ya uri a hu na sisiṱeme ya bete ine ya shandukisa mvelelo yo lavhelelwaho
Feller, An Introduction to Probability Theory, vol. 11968u fhela ha tshelede ya mugembuli, u tshimbila nga khonadzeo, zwitevhekano; bugu ya tshiṱandadi
Thorp, “Optimal gambling systems for favorable games”1969musi dzisisiṱeme dza bete dzi tshi nga thusa (fhedzi kha mutambo une mutambi a vha na mbuelo) na zwiimo zwi re murahu ha mvelelo ya uri a hu na sisiṱeme i shumaho
Thorp, The Mathematics of Gambling1984khomphiyutha ya rulete yo ṱalutshedzwa nga muthu we a i sika, na mbalo ya uri ni fanela u vhea bete ya vhugai musi ni na mbuelo
Epstein, The Theory of Gambling and Statistical Logic2013 (khandiso ya 2)mutambo muṅwe na muṅwe wa khasino wo senguluswa; rulete kha vhuimo hayo
Ethier, The Doctrine of Chances2010ṱhaluso ya mathematiki yo ḓalesaho ya rulete yo gandiswaho
Bollman, Mathematics of the Big Four Casino Table Games2021dzibete dza thungo, mavhili a sa ḓoweleaho na rulete ya khadi zwo vhalelwa mutengo nthihi nthihi, na nḓowendo
Taylor, Games, Gambling, and Probability2021 (khandiso ya 2)zwitevhekano, bete ya nḓila ya Kelly na u fhela ha tshelede ya mugembuli zwo shumiwa sa khoso
Bollman, Basic Gambling Mathematics2024 (khandiso ya 2)phuromoshini dza khasino na tshelede i humiswaho, na uri bodo ya mvelelo i ḓibadela nga u ṱavhanya hani kha khasino
Hunacek, Quantitative Literacy Through Games and Gambling2025khoso ya u thoma i leluwaho; ṱolani zwine ya zwi amba zwa uri bete iṅwe na iṅwe i na ndeme yo lavhelelwaho i fanaho, zwine bete ya nomboro ṱhanu ya zwi pfuka

Ḓivhazwakale

maṅwalwaṅwahandi ngani ni tshi fanela u i vhala
Lablée, La Roulette, ou le Jour1801ṱhaluso ya u thoma yo ḓalaho ya mutambo, kha bugu ya ngano
Barnhart, Beating the Wheel1992ḓivhazwakale ya u tamba nga u kheluwa ha vhili: Jagger, vhe vha tshimbila phanḓa ha vha ha Pelayo, maitele
Schwartz, Roll the Bones2006ḓivhazwakale ya vhugembuli yoṱhe; vhuimo ha rulete khayo
Kavanagh, Dice, Cards, Wheels2005mvelele ya vhugembuli ya Furantsi; Palais-Royal na ḓorobo dza maḓi a mutsho
Marcus, American Roulette2003u vhea bete nga murahu ha mvelelo zwo ṱalutshedzwa u bva ngomu nga muiti wazwo a ḓivheaho nga maanḓa
Goldman, Great Gambling Scams2007Leigh kha ḽa Nice, Marcus na Ritz zwo dovha zwa anetshelwa; zwi a takadza, fhedzi zwi na vhukhakhi kha mafhungo manzhi (vhonani U Fhura kha Rulete)

Fiziki na u tamba nga mbuelo

maṅwalwaṅwahandi ngani ni tshi fanela u i vhala
Bass, The Eudaemonic Pie1985tshiṱori tsha khomphiyutha yo dzumbiwaho kha tshienda; bugu yavhuḓisa i ḓivheaho nga ha fiziki ya rulete
Small & Tse, “Predicting the outcome of roulette”2012fiziki ya u humbulela, yo elwaho; zwine mbuelo ya mutambi ya zwi ṱoḓa
Pearson, “On the criterion…”1900ndingo ya chi-square, yo sumbedzwaho kha mimono ya rulete

Fiziki ya Vhili ḽa Rulete

Bugu ya ngano

Dostoevsky, The Gambler (1866). Yo ṅwalwa nga maḓuvha a 26 u itela u swikela tshifhinga tsho tiwaho kha mulanga na mugandisi, nga muṅwali we a vha e na zwikolodo zwihulu zwa rulete; vhukhakhi ha mugembuli, sisiṱeme, u ḓiḓowedza na khasino ya ḓorobo ya maḓi a mutsho zwo vhonwa u bva ngomu. I pfufhi u fhira bugu iṅwe na iṅwe ya rulete i re afho nṱha nahone i na ngoho u fhira nnzhi dzadzo.

Bad Homburg na Dzikhasino dza Ḓorobo dza Maḓi a MutshoRoulettenburg ya Dostoevsky

Bugu dza rulete dzavhuḓisa kha ndivho iṅwe na iṅwe

Kha mbalo, Ethier nga murahu Feller. Kha zwiṱori, Barnhart na Bass. Kha uri ndi ngani vhathu vha tshi kha ḓi tamba, Dostoevsky. Kha ṱhanziela ine ya fhedza khani iṅwe na iṅwe ya sisiṱeme, Halmos, nahone kha mvelelo i fanaho nga maipfi a leluwaho, bugu ya Thorp ya 1984. Kha nḓowendo, Taylor kana Bollman. Bogisi ḽa Zwiko kha siaṱari ḽiṅwe na ḽiṅwe ḽa saithi iyi ḽi ita tsumbo u bva kha bugu idzi.

Mbudziso

Hu na bugu dzavhuḓi dza zwiṱirathedzhi zwa rulete naa?

A hu na ine ya rengisa sisiṱeme. Bugu ya Thorp ya 1984 i na ndima pfufhi ya uri ndi ngani dzi tshi kundelwa; Epstein na Ethier vha ṱalutshedza tshivhumbeo tsha iṅwe na iṅwe.

Ndi nga vhala Pearson kana Huygens ngafhi?

Dzoṱhe a dzi tsha vha fhasi ha pfanelo dza muṅwali nahone dzi kha inthanethi. Pearson i konḓa; Huygens i pfufhi nahone i a leluwa u vhalwa kha ṱhalutshedzo zwi tshi mangadza.

Zwa u sea

Zwoṱhe kha saithi iyi ndi maṅwalwa a fhasi a bugu idzi.

Zwoṱhe kha saithi iyi ndi maṅwalwa a fhasi a bugu idzi.

Zwiko

  1. Ethier, S. N. The Doctrine of Chances: Probabilistic Aspects of Gambling. Springer, 2010. Ndima ya 13, rulete.
  2. Feller, W. An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications, Vol. 1. Wiley, khandiso ya 3, 1968. U fhela ha tshelede ya mugembuli, ndima ya XIV.
  3. Halmos, P. R. “Invariants of certain stochastic transformations: the mathematical theory of gambling systems.” Duke Mathematical Journal 5(2), 1939.
  4. Thorp, E. O. “Optimal gambling systems for favorable games.” Review of the International Statistical Institute 37(3), 1969.
  5. Thorp, E. O. The Mathematics of Gambling. Gambling Times / Lyle Stuart, 1984.
  6. Bass, T. A. The Eudaemonic Pie. Houghton Mifflin, 1985.
  7. Barnhart, R. T. Beating the Wheel. Lyle Stuart, 1992.
  8. Bollman, M. Mathematics of the Big Four Casino Table Games: Blackjack, Baccarat, Craps, & Roulette. CRC Press, 2021. Ndima ya 2, rulete.
  9. Bollman, M. Basic Gambling Mathematics: The Numbers Behind the Neon, 2nd ed. CRC Press, 2024.
  10. Taylor, D. G. Games, Gambling, and Probability: An Introduction to Mathematics, 2nd ed. CRC Press, 2021.
  11. Hunacek, M. Quantitative Literacy Through Games and Gambling. Chapman & Hall/CRC, 2025.
  12. Marcus, R. American Roulette: How I Turned the Odds Upside Down. St. Martin’s Press, 2003.
  13. Goldman, N. Great Gambling Scams. John Blake, 2007.
Nga ha riṋeZwikoḒivhazwakale na MveleleRulete kha MabuguniḒivhazwakale na MveleleḒivhazwakale ya Dzisisiṱeme dza RuleteḒivhazwakale na MveleleVha Eudaemons
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